What Is Bromelain Used For
Bromelain is an enzyme extract derived from the stems of pineapples, although it exists in all parts of the fresh pineapple.[i] The extract has a history of folk medicine use. As an ingredient, it is used in cosmetics, as a topical medication, and as a meat tenderizer.[1]
The term "bromelain" may refer to either of ii protease enzymes extracted from the plants of the family Bromeliaceae, or it may refer to a combination of those enzymes along with other compounds produced in an extract.[ane] Bromelain enzymes are called fruit bromelain and stalk bromelain.[1]
Although tested in a variety of folk medicine and research models for its possible efficacy against diseases, bromelain has only one approved clinical awarding issued in 2012 by the European Medicines Bureau – a topical medication called NexoBrid, used to remove dead tissue in severe skin burns.[two]
[edit]
| Stalk bromelain | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC no. | 3.4.22.32 | ||||||||
| CAS no. | 37189-34-7 | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | contour | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Fruit bromelain | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC no. | 3.4.22.33 | ||||||||
| CAS no. | 9001-00-7 | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Bromelain extract is a mixture of poly peptide-digesting (proteolytic) enzymes and several other substances in smaller quantities. The proteolytic enzymes are sulfhydryl proteases; a complimentary sulfhydryl group of a cysteine amino acrid side concatenation is required for part. The two main enzymes are:
- Stem bromelain – EC 3.iv.22.32
- Fruit bromelain – EC 3.4.22.33
History [edit]
The first isolation of bromelain was recorded past the Venezuelan chemist Vicente Marcano in 1891 past fermenting the fruit of pineapple.[3] In 1892, Russell Henry Chittenden, assisted by Elliott P. Joslin and Frank Sherman Meara, investigated the matter more completely,[four] and called information technology 'bromelin'. Later, the term 'bromelain' was introduced and originally applied to whatever protease from any member of the plant family unit Bromeliaceae.[ citation needed ]
Sources [edit]
Bromelain is present in all parts of the pineapple plant (genus Ananas),[v] but the stem is the almost common commercial source,[v] [vi] presumably because usable quantities are readily extractable after the fruit has been harvested.[5]
Product [edit]
Produced mainly in parts of the earth where pineapples are grown, such every bit Thailand or Malaysia, bromelain is extracted from the peel, stem, leaves or waste matter of the pineapple plant later processing the fruit for juice or other purposes.[5] [half-dozen] The starting fabric is blended and pressed through a filter to obtain a supernatant liquid containing the soluble bromelain enzyme.[6] Further processing includes purification and concentration of the enzyme.[5]
Physical characteristics [edit]
Bromelain is a white to tan powder, soluble in h2o, and is stable at temperatures of 50–sixty °C (122–140 °F).[1]
Temperature stability [edit]
Subsequently an hr at 50 °C (122 °F), 83% of the enzyme remains active, while at 40 °C (104 °F), practically 100% remains active.[7] 8 minutes at eighty °C (176 °F) is sufficient to almost completely inactivate the enzyme.[7] The proteolytic activeness of concentrated bromelain solutions remains relatively stable for at to the lowest degree 1 week at room temperature, with minimal inactivation by multiple freeze-thaw cycles or exposure to the digestive enzyme trypsin.[eight]
Uses [edit]
Meat tenderizing and other uses [edit]
A jar of Durkee meat tenderizer containing bromelain.
Along with papain, bromelain is one of the most popular proteases to use for meat tenderizing.[9] Bromelain is sold in a powdered course, which is combined with a marinade, or directly sprinkled on the uncooked meat.[9]
Cooked or canned pineapple does not accept a tenderizing effect, equally the enzymes are heat-labile and denatured in the cooking process. Some prepared meat products, such as meatballs and commercially bachelor marinades, include pineapple and/or pineapple-derived ingredients.[5]
Although the quantity of bromelain in a typical serving of pineapple fruit is probably not meaning, specific extraction tin can yield sufficient quantities for domestic and industrial processing, including uses in baking, anti-browning of cutting fruit, textiles and cosmetics manufacturing.[5] [9]
Potential medical uses [edit]
Bromelain has not been scientifically proven to be effective in treating any diseases and has not been approved by the U.Southward. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of any disorder.[10] In the United States, the passage of the Dietary Supplement Health and Instruction Human activity (DSHEA, 1994) allows the sale of bromelain-containing dietary supplements, even though efficacy has non been confirmed. Ingestion of bromelain may cause an allergic reaction in some people who are sensitive to pineapples.[1] [ten]
While there have been studies into the medical use of bromelain, "the bulk of [them] have methodological issues that make it difficult to draw definite conclusions", equally none definitively established efficacy, recommended dosage, long term safety, or adverse interaction with other medications.[10]
A concentrate of proteolytic enzymes enriched in bromelain is approved in Europe for the debridement (removal of expressionless tissue) of severe burn wounds under the trade proper noun NexoBrid.[two] Systemic enzyme therapy (consisting of combinations of proteolytic enzymes such as bromelain, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and papain) has been investigated in Europe to evaluate the efficacy in breast, colorectal, and plasmacytoma cancer patients.[xi] Bromelain may be effective every bit an adjunct therapy in relieving symptoms of astute rhinosinusitis in patients non treated with antibiotics.[x] [12]
Come across also [edit]
- Phytochemicals
- Papain
References [edit]
- ^ a b c d e f "Bromelain". PubChem, National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 14 September 2019. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
- ^ a b "NexoBrid: concentrate of proteolytic enzymes enriched in bromelain". European Medicines Agency. January 7, 2013.
- ^ "Vicente Marcano (in Spanish) Quote from Google translate: "New theory about the phenomenon of fermentation": "See also the bromeliad (for Annana bromelia L.) pineapple, which is responsible for many phenomena of fermentation of the fruit. This finding, while not making Marcano, was actually made past him, equally after confirmed by R. H. Chittenden of Yale University, who argues that "the bromeliad was discovered by a Venezuelan scholar named Vicente Marcano."". Pioneers of Venezuela, PDVSA-Intevep. 1997. Archived from the original on 2007-03-xxx. Retrieved 2007-03-04 .
- ^ Chittenden RH, Joslin EP, Meara FS (1892). "On the ferments contained in the juice of the pineapple (Ananassa sativa): together with some observations on the limerick and proteolytic action of the juice". Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. 8: 281–308.
- ^ a b c d e f chiliad Arshad ZI, Amid A, Yusof F, Jaswir I, Ahmad Thousand, Loke SP (September 2014). "Bromelain: an overview of industrial application and purification strategies" (PDF). Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 98 (17): 7283–7297. doi:10.1007/s00253-014-5889-y. PMID 24965557. S2CID 824024.
- ^ a b c Ketnawa S, Chaiwut P, Rawdkuen Southward (2012). "Pineapple wastes: A potential source for bromelain extraction". Nutrient and Bioproducts Processing. 90 (iii): 385–391. doi:ten.1016/j.fbp.2011.12.006.
- ^ a b Jutamongkon R, Charoenrein S (2010). "Effect of Temperature on the Stability of Fruit Bromelain from Smooth Cayenne Pineapple" (PDF). Kasetsart Periodical: Natural Science. 44: 943–948. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-29.
- ^ Hale LP, Greer PK, Trinh CT, James CL (April 2005). "Proteinase action and stability of natural bromelain preparations". International Immunopharmacology. v (4): 783–793. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2004.12.007. PMID 15710346.
- ^ a b c Chaurasiya RS, Sakhare PZ, Bhaskar N, Hebbar HU (June 2015). "Efficacy of reverse micellar extracted fruit bromelain in meat tenderization". Journal of Nutrient Science and Technology. 52 (six): 3870–3880. doi:x.1007/s13197-014-1454-z. PMC4444899. PMID 26028772.
- ^ a b c d "Bromelain". National Middle for Complementary and Integrative Health, The states National Institutes of Health. 24 September 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
- ^ Beuth J (December 2008). "Proteolytic enzyme therapy in show-based complementary oncology: fact or fiction?". Integrative Cancer Therapies. 7 (four): 311–316. doi:10.1177/1534735408327251. PMID 19116226.
- ^ Guo R, Canter PH, Ernst E (October 2006). "Herbal medicines for the handling of rhinosinusitis: a systematic review". Otolaryngology–Caput and Neck Surgery. 135 (four): 496–506. doi:x.1016/j.otohns.2006.06.1254. PMID 17011407. S2CID 42625009.
External links [edit]
- The MEROPS online database for peptidases and their inhibitors:
- C01.005 Stem Bromelain
- C01.028 Fruit Bromelain
- Bromelains at the Usa National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
What Is Bromelain Used For,
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromelain
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